10 Symptoms of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common form of lung cancer, responsible for about 85% of cases. Unlike small cell lung cancer, it usually grows more slowly, which gives more chances for early detection and treatment. However, the symptoms often appear gradually and can be mistaken for less serious conditions. Here are 10 key warning signs you should not ignore.

A persistent cough. In many cases, cough is a symptom of colds, flu, or bronchitis. But when a cough lasts for weeks or even months without improvement, it can be a sign of NSCLC. The cough may be dry at first, similar to allergies, or produce mucus, resembling chronic bronchitis. Over time, the intensity may increase. Sometimes the sputum can become rust-colored or contain blood streaks.

A chronic cough that refuses to go away despite treatment is always a reason to consult a doctor.

Shortness of breath. Difficulty breathing is often ignored at first. Patients may think it comes from aging, low physical activity, or even heart problems. But NSCLC can narrow the airways or cause fluid to accumulate in the chest, making it harder to breathe. Initially, shortness of breath happens during physical activity, like climbing stairs, but later it can occur even while resting.

If shortness of breath continues or gets worse without clear cause, it should be carefully evaluated.

Chest pain. NSCLC can cause discomfort or pain in the chest, back, or shoulders. Unlike temporary muscle pain, this pain is often persistent. It may be sharp, dull, or pressure-like, and it often worsens with deep breathing, coughing, or laughing. Some patients describe it as spreading to the arm, neck, or upper back.

Pain that lasts for weeks and does not respond to over-the-counter medications is a sign that should not be ignored.

Coughing up blood. One of the more alarming symptoms is the presence of blood in sputum. Sometimes it looks like small streaks; in other cases, the sputum may be pink or rust-colored. While coughing up blood can occasionally be caused by infections or a ruptured small blood vessel, persistent or recurring blood in sputum is strongly associated with NSCLC.

If you notice this sign, especially more than once, medical consultation is essential.

Frequent respiratory infections. Pneumonia or bronchitis that keeps coming back may be a sign of an underlying tumor. NSCLC can block or partially close an airway, allowing bacteria to grow and making it harder for antibiotics to reach the infection site. Patients may find themselves sick multiple times in a season, even with treatment.

When infections relapse despite proper therapy, it may point to cancer in the lungs.

Hoarseness. Changes in voice, such as hoarseness or a raspy sound, are often linked to simple infections. However, NSCLC can press on or damage the nerve that controls the vocal cords, leading to lasting voice changes. Swallowing food may become uncomfortable, and speaking can require extra effort.

If hoarseness does not improve within two weeks, a more serious cause like NSCLC should be considered.

Unexplained weight loss. Many people welcome weight loss, but when it happens without diet or exercise changes, it may be a warning sign. NSCLC can alter metabolism, suppress appetite, and lead to rapid weight loss. Some patients notice that food loses its taste, they forget to eat, or they feel full quickly. Clothes may suddenly feel loose even though eating habits have not changed. Persistent weight loss and lack of appetite deserve a medical checkup.

Fatigue and weakness. Constant tiredness is one of the most common but overlooked symptoms of NSCLC. Cancer consumes the body’s energy and can lower oxygen levels, leaving patients exhausted even after rest. Weakness may affect daily activities, making it harder to concentrate, exercise, or perform routine tasks.

If fatigue continues without clear cause, it may be connected to NSCLC.

Swelling in the face or neck. Sometimes NSCLC tumors press on the superior vena cava, the major vein that returns blood from the head to the heart. This pressure causes swelling in the face, neck, or upper chest. Patients may also notice that their veins look more prominent.

This symptom is serious and usually points to an advanced stage of NSCLC. Immediate medical help is needed.

Bone pain or headaches. In advanced stages, NSCLC may spread (metastasize) to bones or the brain. Bone metastases can cause persistent pain in the back, hips, or ribs, often mistaken for arthritis. If cancer spreads to the brain, headaches may become frequent, intense, and resistant to regular painkillers. Vision changes, dizziness, or seizures can also occur.

Such symptoms suggest that NSCLC is no longer limited to the lungs and requires urgent treatment.

NSCLC develops more slowly than small cell lung cancer, but it remains the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Recognizing the symptoms early gives the best chance for successful treatment. If you or someone you know experiences these warning signs, consult a doctor without delay.